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Halal and Haram Food

INTENSITY MARKERS:
[M] = Fard / Wajib (Obligatory — must do) | [1] = Sunnah Mu'akkadah / Highly Recommended | [2] = Sunnah / Recommended | [3] = Mustahab / Virtuous / Commendable | [H] = Haram (Forbidden — must not do) | [h] = Makruh (Discouraged — should not do) | [P] = Mubah (Permissible — neutral)

✅ What to Do

(extra):

[1]Check meat source for halal certification.

[1]Eat together as a family — brings blessings. (Abu Dawud 3764)

[1]Eat with right hand. (Muslim 2020)

[1]Fear Allah and obey His messengers (Quran 26:108-110; Bukhari 3234) [bg:Revealed in Mecca recounting the stories of Musa, Ibrahim, Nuh, Hud, Salih, Lut, and Shu'ayb — each concluding with the call to fear Allah and obey the messenger. Revealed to console the Prophet when the Quraysh accused him of being a poet or soothsayer. The surah declares that only the disbelievers will be asked about their poets. Revealed in Mecca through the story of Prophet Nuh (Noah) who commanded his people: 'Fear Allah and obey me. I do not ask you for any reward for it — my reward is only from the Lord of the Worlds. So fear Allah and obey me.' This pattern repeats through the surah's stories of the prophets, establishing the universal prophetic message: taqwa (consciousness of Allah) and obedience to the messenger are the path to salvation, with no material reward sought.]

[1]Recite Al-Mulk nightly before sleeping (Quran 67; Tirmidhi 2891) [bg:Revealed in Mecca describing Allah's absolute sovereignty over the universe (al-Mulk — the Dominion). The surah challenges the disbelievers to find any flaw in Allah's creation and warns them of the punishment of Hell. The Prophet never slept before reciting this surah and al-Sajdah. It intercedes for its reciter against the punishment of the grave. Revealed in Mecca. Surah al-Mulk (The Dominion) describes Allah's absolute sovereignty over the universe. The Prophet said: 'There is a surah in the Quran of thirty verses that intercedes for its companion until he is forgiven: Tabarak alladhi bi yadihi al-mulk' (Sahih Tirmidhi 2891). The Prophet never slept before reciting al-Mulk and al-Sajdah. Recitation nightly protects from the punishment of the grave and intercedes for the reciter on the Day of Judgment.]

[1]Recite Quran with reflection (Quran 16:98; Muslim 810) [bg:Revealed in Mecca (some ayahs revealed during the migration to Medina) refuting the polytheists' practice of dedicating portions of livestock to their idols. The surah details Allah's blessings in creation — the bee, the heavens, the earth — as signs of His power. The ayah on honey as healing (16:69) is a sign of natural medicine. Revealed in Mecca commanding: 'When you recite the Quran, seek refuge in Allah from the accursed Shaytan.' This was revealed when the Prophet would begin recitation and the Quraysh would mock and interrupt him.]

[1]Remember Allah morning and evening (tasbih) (Quran 21:20; Bukhari 6312) [bg:Revealed in Mecca challenging the Quraysh's denial of resurrection and their worship of powerless idols. The surah presents the oneness of Allah through the stories of prophets who called their people to tawheed. The ayah 'We did not create the heaven and earth and what is between them in play' (21:16) was revealed to refute those who claimed creation was purposeless. Revealed in Mecca describing the angels who glorify Allah night and day without tiring.]

[1]Repel evil with what is better — then your enemy becomes a close friend — Respond to evil with good — transforms enemies to friends (Quran 41:34; Bukhari 6036) [bg:Revealed in Mecca addressing the Quraysh who turned away when the Quran was recited. The surah opens with the Quran as a clear revelation from the Most Merciful and challenges the disbelievers to reflect on Allah's creation — the heavens, earth, mountains, and the consequences for those who reject guidance. Revealed in the late Meccan period commanding: 'Repel evil with what is better — then your enemy will become a close friend.' This was revealed when the Prophet was facing intense hostility from the Quraysh, including personal abuse from figures like Abu Lahab and Abu Jahl.]

[1]Say: I seek refuge in the Lord of mankind, King of mankind, God of mankind — Recite Al-Mu'awwidhatayn before sleeping (Quran 114:1-6; Bukhari 5017) [bg:Revealed in Mecca (some say Medinan) completing the protection pair with al-Falaq. The surah commands seeking refuge in the Lord of mankind, the King of mankind, the God of mankind from the whisperer (Shaytan) who whispers in the breasts of mankind — from among the jinn and mankind. The Prophet recited them every night before sleep. Revealed in the early Meccan period (or some say Medinan) commanding the Prophet to say: 'I seek refuge in the Lord of mankind, the King of mankind, the God of mankind, from the evil of the retreating whisperer (Shaytan) who whispers in the breasts of mankind, from among the jinn and mankind.' This surah completes the protection pair with al-Falaq, and teaches seeking Allah's protection from Satanic whispers that affect the hearts of people.]

[1]Say: I seek refuge in the Lord of mankind, King of mankind, God of mankind — Seek refuge in the Lord of mankind from shaytan's whispers (Quran 114:1-6 ()) [bg:Revealed in Mecca (some say Medinan) completing the protection pair with al-Falaq. The surah commands seeking refuge in the Lord of mankind, the King of mankind, the God of mankind from the whisperer (Shaytan) who whispers in the breasts of mankind — from among the jinn and mankind. The Prophet recited them every night before sleep. Revealed in the early Meccan period (or some say Medinan) commanding the Prophet to say: 'I seek refuge in the Lord of mankind, the King of mankind, the God of mankind, from the evil of the retreating whisperer (Shaytan) who whispers in the breasts of mankind, from among the jinn and mankind.' This surah completes the protection pair with al-Falaq, and teaches seeking Allah's protection from Satanic whispers that affect the hearts of people.]

[1]Whoever does an atom's weight of good will see it; whoever does an atom's weight of evil will see it — Be mindful that every atom's weight of good will be seen (Quran 99:7-8 ()) [bg:Revealed in Medina (some say Meccan) describing the great earthquake when the earth will bring forth its burdens and relate its news. When this surah was revealed, the Prophet was asked about its meaning and said: 'The earth will testify against every servant — male and female — regarding what they did on its surface.']

[1]Worship the Most Merciful (Ar-Rahman) alone (Quran 43:45; Muslim 8) [bg:Revealed in Mecca (some ayahs Medinan) affirming that Allah is the Lord of the heavens and earth and that no partner belongs to Him. The surah refutes the Quraysh's claim that angels are Allah's daughters and calls them to recognize Allah's blessings in creation — the ships, cattle, and the water cycle. Revealed in Mecca commanding the Prophet: 'Ask those of Our messengers whom We sent before you — did We ever appoint gods to be worshipped besides the Most Merciful?' This was revealed when the Quraysh argued that their idol-worshipping ancestors were on the right path.]

[2]Drink water in three sips. (Bukhari 5632)

[2]Eat dates, honey, vinegar, olive oil, black seed. (Bukhari 5688)

[2]Eat from the side closest to you.

[2]Eat in moderation — third food, third drink, third air. (Tirmidhi 2380)

[2]Invite others to eat with you — eating together brings barakah. (Abu Dawud 3764)

[2]Lick fingers and plate — barakah is in the last bits. (Muslim 2034)

[2]Make du'a using the beautiful names of Allah (Quran 3:191; Bukhari 6410) [bg:Revealed following the Battle of Uhud (3 AH) to address the lessons from the defeat, strengthen the Believers, and refute the People of the Book who denied Muhammad's prophethood despite recognizing him from their scriptures. Establishes tawheed and the unity of the prophetic message. Revealed in Medina (3-4 AH) describing the true Believers — those who remember Allah in all states (standing, sitting, lying) and reflect deeply on the creation of the heavens and earth.]

[2]Read the ingredients label when shopping to avoid haram additives (gelatin, alcohol).

[3]Be grateful for Allah's blessings (Quran 100:6-8 ()) [bg:An early Meccan surah swearing by the warhorses that run panting, strike sparks, and raid at dawn. The powerful oaths point to the nobility and strength of horses in battle. The surah declares the ingratitude of humans toward their Lord and their intense love of wealth. The Day when what is in the graves is raised and hearts are disclosed. Revealed in Mecca declaring after the oath by the warhorses: 'Indeed the human being is ungrateful (kanud) to his Lord, and indeed he is a witness to that, and indeed he is intense in his love of good (al-khayr — wealth).' The Quran uses kanud for ingratitude — one who eats alone and beats his servant, as the Arabs described a miserly person.]

[3]Contemplate Allah's blessings — be grateful (Quran 55:13; Bukhari 52) [bg:Revealed in Mecca (some say Medinan) recounting Allah's countless blessings to both mankind and jinn. The rhetorical refrain 'Which of the favors of your Lord do you deny?' (31 times) challenges all creation to acknowledge divine grace. The surah describes the creation of humans from clay and jinn from smokeless fire, Paradise and Hell. Revealed in Mecca declaring: 'So which of the favors of your Lord do you deny (fabia-yi ala'i rabbikuma tukadhdhiban)?' — addressed to both mankind and jinn (thaqalan). This refrain is repeated 31 times in the surah.]

[3]Fast on alternate days if you tend to overeat.

[3]Maintain honesty in all business transactions (Quran 83:1-6; Bukhari 2086) [bg:Revealed in Mecca condemning those who cheat in trade (al-mutaffifin — those who give less). The surah warns the merchants of Makkah who would take full measure when buying but give less when selling. The righteous are described as those who witness the recording of their deeds in the exalted assembly ('illiyin). Revealed in Mecca condemning those who cheat in business: 'Woe to those who give less (mutaffifin) — who, when they take measure from people, take in full, but when they give measure or weight, give less.' This was revealed regarding the merchants of Medina (some say the people of Banu Tayma and other trading centers) who would cheat customers.]

[3]Worship Allah with sincere religion — Worship Allah with sincere devotion (Ikhlash) (Quran 39:2-3; Muslim 41) [bg:Revealed in Mecca commanding sincere worship (al-din al-khalis) for Allah alone. The surah opens with the revelation of the Book in truth and commands: 'Worship Allah with sincere devotion.' The Quraysh were told that their idols cannot intercede for them. The surah ends with the Trumpet Blast and the judgment of all creation. Revealed in Mecca commanding: 'Worship Allah with sincere devotion (mukhlasan lahu al-din). Unquestionably, for Allah is the pure religion.' This was revealed when the Quraysh told the Prophet: 'We only worship our idols to bring us closer to Allah.' The ayah establishes that ikhlas (sincere devotion to Allah alone) is the essence of worship, and that any act of worship directed partially to other than Allah is rejected.]

[M]A sign for them is the dead earth which We revived — Reflect on resurrection (revival of dead earth) (Quran 36:33-35; Bukhari 4561) [bg:Revealed in Mecca and called the 'Heart of the Quran' (qalb al-Quran) by the Prophet. The surah presents three parables: the Companions of the City (Antioch), the believer from the outskirts, and the signs of Allah in creation. Revealed to establish the truth of prophethood, resurrection, and divine power. Revealed in the Meccan period pointing to the signs of resurrection and Allah's power in nature: the dead earth brought to life, the grains and fruits produced, the springs of water. This was revealed when the Quraysh demanded physical proof of resurrection, directing them to observe the annual cycle of plant life as evidence of Allah's power to revive the dead.]

[M]Allah commands justice, excellence, and giving to relatives — Be just and fair in speech and actions (Quran 16:90; Bukhari 2522) [bg:Revealed in Mecca (some ayahs revealed during the migration to Medina) refuting the polytheists' practice of dedicating portions of livestock to their idols. The surah details Allah's blessings in creation — the bee, the heavens, the earth — as signs of His power. The ayah on honey as healing (16:69) is a sign of natural medicine. Revealed in the late Meccan period, described by Ibn Mas'ud as the most comprehensive ayah in the Quran regarding ethics and social conduct. The Prophet said that whoever hears this ayah should memorize it.]

[M]Do not take My enemies and your enemies as allies — Show loyalty to believers, not enemy allies (Quran 60:1; Bukhari 4288) [bg:Revealed in Medina (8 AH) after the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah and before the Conquest of Makkah, concerning relations with those who oppose the Muslims. The surah was revealed when Hatib ibn Abi Balta'ah sent a letter to the Quraysh warning them of the planned Muslim attack on Makkah. Establishes loyalty boundaries and justice toward peaceful non-Muslims. Revealed in Medina around 8 AH when Hatib ibn Abi Balta'ah wrote a letter to the Quraysh informing them of the Prophet's planned campaign to conquer Makkah. The Prophet discovered the plot through divine revelation.]

[M]Eat only halal food — meat must be zabihah. (Qur'an 5:5)

[M]Everyone has a guardian over them (Quran 86:4 ()) [bg:Revealed in Mecca swearing by the sky and the night-comer (at-tariq) — the piercing star. The surah reminds every soul that it has a guardian (hafiz) over it. Humans are asked to reflect on their creation from a gushing fluid and are told that Allah is able to resurrect them on the Day when secrets are disclosed.]

[M]Fear Allah as He should be feared — Practice Taqwa (God-consciousness) (Quran 3:102; Tirmidhi 2458) [bg:Revealed following the Battle of Uhud (3 AH) to address the lessons from the defeat, strengthen the Believers, and refute the People of the Book who denied Muhammad's prophethood despite recognizing him from their scriptures. Establishes tawheed and the unity of the prophetic message. Revealed in Medina in 3-4 AH, after the Battle of Uhud, when some Muslims showed weakness and disobeyed the Prophet's orders. The ayah calls Believers to true taqwa (God-consciousness) — to obey Allah completely and die only in a state of Islam — serving as a powerful reminder after the lessons of Uhud.]

[M]Fulfill the covenant with Allah (Quran 13:20-21; Bukhari 2744) [bg:Revealed in Medina (some ayahs Meccan) addressing the Believers and calling the People of the Book to recognize the truth. Establishes Allah's power through natural signs and contrasts the Believers with the rejecters. The command to fulfill covenants and maintain family ties was revealed regarding the Ansar who made treaties with the Jewish tribes. Revealed in late Meccan period describing the people of understanding (ulu al-albab) who fulfill the covenant of Allah and do not break the contract, and who join what Allah has commanded to be joined (silat al-rahim — family ties). The reference to 'joining what Allah has commanded to be joined' primarily refers to maintaining family ties but also has been applied to environmental consciousness — recognizing that all creation is interconnected through Allah's design.]

[M]He raised the sky and established the balance — Maintain balance and justice (Mizan) (Quran 55:7-9; Bukhari 2447) [bg:Revealed in Mecca (some say Medinan) recounting Allah's countless blessings to both mankind and jinn. The rhetorical refrain 'Which of the favors of your Lord do you deny?' (31 times) challenges all creation to acknowledge divine grace. The surah describes the creation of humans from clay and jinn from smokeless fire, Paradise and Hell. Revealed in the Meccan period commanding justice: 'And the heaven He raised high and set the balance (mizan) — that you may not transgress in the balance. Establish weight with justice and do not cheat in the balance.' The Quraysh merchants were known for cheating in weights, and this ayah links cosmic order with commercial justice.]

[M]Hold firmly to the rope of Allah and do not divide — Hold firmly to rope of Allah (unity) (Quran 3:103; Muslim 2586) [bg:Revealed following the Battle of Uhud (3 AH) to address the lessons from the defeat, strengthen the Believers, and refute the People of the Book who denied Muhammad's prophethood despite recognizing him from their scriptures. Establishes tawheed and the unity of the prophetic message. Revealed after the Battle of Uhud (3 AH) when divisions arose among the Muslims between those who followed the Prophet's orders at the archers' post and those who left for the spoils.]

[M]Reflect on creation of heavens and resurrection (Quran 50:6-7; Bukhari 4561) [bg:Revealed in Mecca asserting the resurrection and judgment that the Quraysh denied. The surah swears by the glorious Quran and describes creation — the heavens, earth, mountains, and rain — as evidence of Allah's power to resurrect. Every soul, the surah declares, has a guardian (raqib) recording their deeds. Revealed in Mecca calling the Quraysh to reflect: 'Did they not look at the heaven above them — how We constructed it and adorned it, and there are no rifts in it? And the earth — We spread it out and placed therein firmly set mountains.' This was revealed when the Quraysh denied resurrection.]

[M]Say "Bismillah" before eating, "Alhamdulillah" after.

[M]Seek the hereafter through what Allah has given you — Seek hereafter while enjoying lawful worldly life (Quran 28:77; Bukhari 6410) [bg:Revealed in Mecca recounting the story of Musa from birth to prophethood to exodus. Called al-Qasas (the Stories) because it narrates the story of Musa in greater detail. Revealed when the Quraysh asked the Prophet about the history of Musa and Pharaoh. The surah ends with the Prophet's migration to Medina being foretold. Revealed in the Meccan period through the story of Qarun (Korah) who was wealthy but ungrateful. This balanced approach was revealed as guidance for the Believers facing the choice between worldly wealth and faith.]

[M]We will set up scales of justice on Judgment Day — Strive to establish justice on earth (Quran 21:47; Muslim 2878) [bg:Revealed in Mecca challenging the Quraysh's denial of resurrection and their worship of powerless idols. The surah presents the oneness of Allah through the stories of prophets who called their people to tawheed. The ayah 'We did not create the heaven and earth and what is between them in play' (21:16) was revealed to refute those who claimed creation was purposeless. Revealed in the Meccan period declaring that Allah will set up the scales of justice on the Day of Judgment, and no soul will be wronged in the least — even a mustard seed's weight of good or evil will be accounted.]

[M]When the sky splits and obeys its Lord — as it must — Believe in the splitting of the sky (Quran 84:1-5) [bg:Revealed in Mecca describing the splitting of the sky (inshiqaq) when the earth is stretched out and gives forth what is within it. The surah warns that humans will meet their Lord and receive their record in their right hand (if righteous) or behind their back (if wicked). Those who disbelieve and turn away are threatened with punishment. Revealed in the early Meccan period describing the sky splitting open and obeying its Lord, the earth extended and casts out what is within it — all creation submitting to Allah's command on Judgment Day. The person who is given their record in their right and left hand determines their fate.]

[M]When you meet those who disbelieve, strike their necks — Fight in Allah's cause when necessary (defense) (Quran 47:4; Bukhari 2958) [bg:Revealed in Medina after the Battle of Badr (2 AH) concerning the conduct of war and the treatment of captives. Named Muhammad after the Prophet himself. The surah distinguishes between those who believe and fight in Allah's way and those who turn back, and promises Paradise to those who strive in Allah's cause. Revealed in Medina around 2 AH after the Battle of Badr, establishing the rules of engagement in warfare: when you meet the disbelievers in battle, strike their necks until you have subdued them, then secure the bonds firmly, and either release them as a favor or for ransom until the war lays down its burdens. This was the first revelation regulating prisoner treatment.]

[M]Whoever feared standing before his Lord and restrained his soul from desire — paradise is refuge — Fear your Lord and restrain the soul from desires (Quran 79:40-41) [bg:Revealed in Mecca swearing by the angels who extract souls (al-nazi'at). The surah describes the Day of Judgment when the hearts will tremble and asks: 'Are you harder to create or the heaven?' The story of Musa and Pharaoh is recounted as a warning. Those who preferred worldly life over the Hereafter are condemned. Revealed in the early Meccan period declaring that whoever feared standing before their Lord and restrained their soul from desires — Paradise will be their abode. This was revealed as a clear moral directive for the early Muslim community: self-restraint leads to eternal success.]

[M]Woe to those who give less — who take full when others measure for them but give less when they measure — Give full measure and weigh with justice (Quran 83:1-3 (context); Bukhari 2086) [bg:Revealed in Mecca condemning those who cheat in trade (al-mutaffifin — those who give less). The surah warns the merchants of Makkah who would take full measure when buying but give less when selling. The righteous are described as those who witness the recording of their deeds in the exalted assembly ('illiyin). Revealed in the Meccan period when the people of Madinah (before the Hijrah) were known for cheating in weights and measures.]

[M]Your Lord said: call upon Me, I will respond to you — Call upon Allah — He is Al-Ghafir (Quran 40:60; Tirmidhi 2967) [bg:Revealed in Mecca recounting the story of Musa and Pharaoh in detail, with the intercession of the believing man from Pharaoh's family (a secret believer). The surah consoles the Prophet by showing that even within Pharaoh's court a believer existed. Those who argue against Allah's verses without authority are condemned. Revealed in the late Meccan period declaring: 'Your Lord said: Call upon Me, I will respond to you. Indeed, those who are too arrogant to worship Me will enter Hell in humiliation.' The Quraysh were too proud to supplicate to Allah alone, considering it beneath them, and this ayah encourages du'a as an act of worship and humility.]

🚫 What Not to Do

What to Do ↑ As You Wish ↓

(extra):

[H]Attribute daughters to Allah (Quran 43:15-19; Bukhari 4265) [bg:Revealed in Mecca (some ayahs Medinan) affirming that Allah is the Lord of the heavens and earth and that no partner belongs to Him. The surah refutes the Quraysh's claim that angels are Allah's daughters and calls them to recognize Allah's blessings in creation — the ships, cattle, and the water cycle. Revealed in Mecca condemning the Quraysh for claiming that angels — who are servants of Allah — are female and are Allah's daughters. The ayah says: 'And they assign to Him from among His servants a portion (female offspring). Indeed man is clearly ungrateful.' This establishes that attributing daughters to Allah — or any form of anthropomorphism suggesting Allah has offspring — is a severe form of blasphemy.]

[H]Break covenants after confirming them (Quran 13:25; Bukhari 3177) [bg:Revealed in Medina (some ayahs Meccan) addressing the Believers and calling the People of the Book to recognize the truth. Establishes Allah's power through natural signs and contrasts the Believers with the rejecters. The command to fulfill covenants and maintain family ties was revealed regarding the Ansar who made treaties with the Jewish tribes. Revealed in the late Meccan period condemning those who break the covenant of Allah after its confirmation and sever what Allah has commanded to be joined and spread corruption on earth.]

[H]Conceal the truth after knowing it (Quran 3:187; Bukhari 6886) [bg:Revealed following the Battle of Uhud (3 AH) to address the lessons from the defeat, strengthen the Believers, and refute the People of the Book who denied Muhammad's prophethood despite recognizing him from their scriptures. Establishes tawheed and the unity of the prophetic message. Revealed in Medina (3 AH) rebuking the Jewish scholars (Ahbar) who had taken a covenant from Allah to make the prophecies about Muhammad known to the people but concealed them for worldly gain (bribes and status). When the Prophet came to Medina, the Jewish rabbis recognized him from their scriptures but denied him publicly. This ayah was revealed condemning those who conceal divine truth for material benefit, threatening them with divine punishment.]

[H]Deny resurrection and Day of Judgment (Quran 50:12-14; Bukhari 3338) [bg:Revealed in Mecca asserting the resurrection and judgment that the Quraysh denied. The surah swears by the glorious Quran and describes creation — the heavens, earth, mountains, and rain — as evidence of Allah's power to resurrect. Every soul, the surah declares, has a guardian (raqib) recording their deeds. Revealed in Mecca recounting the denial of previous nations: the people of Noah, the Companions of al-Rass, Thamud, 'Ad, Pharaoh, the brothers of Lut, and the people of Tubba' — all denied the messengers, so My threat was realized.]

[H]Deny the Day of Decision (Quran 77:12-15) [bg:Revealed in Mecca swearing by the winds that are sent forth (al-mursalat) in succession. The surah warns the Quraysh of the Day of Decision (Yawm al-Fasl) when the truth will be separated from falsehood. The recurring refrain 'Woe that Day to the deniers' drives home the fate of those who reject the messengers. Revealed in Mecca: 'Woe that Day to the deniers (waylun yawma'idhin lil-mukadhdhibin).' This refrain is repeated throughout the surah.]

[H]Do not say falsely: this is halal and this is haram — Speak falsely about Allah (halal/haram without authority) (Quran 16:116; Bukhari 2665) [bg:Revealed in Mecca (some ayahs revealed during the migration to Medina) refuting the polytheists' practice of dedicating portions of livestock to their idols. The surah details Allah's blessings in creation — the bee, the heavens, the earth — as signs of His power. The ayah on honey as healing (16:69) is a sign of natural medicine. Revealed in late Meccan period when the Quraysh and the pagan Arabs made laws about food based on their own customs rather than divine revelation — labeling things as halal or haram without divine authority.]

[H]Drink alcohol in any amount. (Qur'an 5:90)

[H]Eat food containing gelatin from non-halal sources.

[H]Eat from haram income.

[H]Eat improperly slaughtered meat. (Qur'an 5:3)

[H]Eat pork or pork by-products. (Qur'an 2:173)

[H]Follow those who call you away from Allah without evidence (Quran 46:4; Bukhari 4488) [bg:Revealed in Mecca recounting the story of the Prophet Hud and the people of 'Ad in al-Ahqaf (the Sandy Hills). The surah opens declaring the revelation of the Book from the Almighty, the Wise. Revealed when some jinn heard the Quran and believed. The destruction of 'Ad serves as a warning to the Quraysh who rejected the Prophet. Revealed in Mecca challenging those who call upon beings besides Allah: 'Show me what they have created from the earth.' This was revealed when the Quraysh argued that their idols interceded for them with Allah.]

[H]Follow vain desires that lead astray (Quran 47:16; Bukhari 6462) [bg:Revealed in Medina after the Battle of Badr (2 AH) concerning the conduct of war and the treatment of captives. Named Muhammad after the Prophet himself. The surah distinguishes between those who believe and fight in Allah's way and those who turn back, and promises Paradise to those who strive in Allah's cause. Revealed in Medina regarding the hypocrites who would listen to the Prophet and then ask each other: 'What did he say?' — having no real desire to understand or follow. The ayah says: 'Those are the ones upon whose hearts Allah has sealed and who follow their desires.' This was revealed after the Battle of Uhud when the hypocrites' true nature became evident, establishing that following vain desires (hawa) without regard for divine guidance leads to spiritual blindness.]

[H]Give short measure or cheat in trade (Quran 26:181-183; Bukhari 2086) [bg:Revealed in Mecca recounting the stories of Musa, Ibrahim, Nuh, Hud, Salih, Lut, and Shu'ayb — each concluding with the call to fear Allah and obey the messenger. Revealed to console the Prophet when the Quraysh accused him of being a poet or soothsayer. The surah declares that only the disbelievers will be asked about their poets. Revealed in Mecca through the story of Prophet Shu'ayb commanding his people of Madyan: 'Give full measure and do not be among those who cause loss. And weigh with an even balance. And do not deprive people of their due and do not spread corruption on earth.' This was revealed when the Quraysh merchants cheated in their trade.]

[H]My Lord has only forbidden immoralities — Commit injustice and oppression (Quran 7:33; Muslim 88) [bg:Revealed in Mecca calling the Quraysh to follow the revelation and warning them of destruction like previous nations ('Ad, Thamud, Lut). The story of Musa and Pharaoh is the central narrative, revealed to strengthen the Prophet's heart. The ayah 'Take what is given freely and enjoin what is good' (7:199) is a Meccan command of noble character. Revealed in late Meccan period specifying what Allah has actually forbidden (in contrast to the pagan Arabs who prohibited some lawful foods by their own customs).]

[H]Oppose Allah and His Messenger (Quran 59:4-5; Bukhari 4885) [bg:Revealed in Medina (5 AH) after the expulsion of the Jewish tribe Banu al-Nadir from their fortresses. The surah glorifies Allah for granting the Muslims victory without battle and establishes the distribution of spoils (fay') from surrendered property. The hypocrites who secretly supported Banu al-Nadir are exposed. Revealed in Medina (5 AH) after the expulsion of Banu Nadir, the Jewish tribe who conspired with the Quraysh against the Muslims despite their treaty. The ayah states: 'That is because they opposed Allah and His Messenger. And whoever opposes Allah — indeed Allah is severe in punishment.' This was revealed regarding the cutting down of Banu Nadir's palm trees by the Muslims — some companions hesitated. The ayah permits cutting or sparing as Allah wills.]

[H]Prefer worldly life over the hereafter (Quran 79:38-39) [bg:Revealed in Mecca swearing by the angels who extract souls (al-nazi'at). The surah describes the Day of Judgment when the hearts will tremble and asks: 'Are you harder to create or the heaven?' The story of Musa and Pharaoh is recounted as a warning. Those who preferred worldly life over the Hereafter are condemned. Revealed in Mecca describing the Day of Judgment: As for he who transgressed and preferred the worldly life — indeed Hellfire will be the refuge. This was revealed when the Quraysh elite, despite recognizing the truth, chose worldly status and wealth over the Hereafter.]

[H]Seek the hereafter through what Allah has given you — Spread corruption in the land (Quran 28:77; Bukhari 2326) [bg:Revealed in Mecca recounting the story of Musa from birth to prophethood to exodus. Called al-Qasas (the Stories) because it narrates the story of Musa in greater detail. Revealed when the Quraysh asked the Prophet about the history of Musa and Pharaoh. The surah ends with the Prophet's migration to Medina being foretold. Revealed in the Meccan period through the story of Qarun (Korah) who was wealthy but ungrateful. This balanced approach was revealed as guidance for the Believers facing the choice between worldly wealth and faith.]

[H]Waste food. (Qur'an 7:31)

[H]Woe to those who give less — who take full when others measure for them but give less when they measure — Cheat in weights and measures (Quran 83:1-3; Bukhari 2086) [bg:Revealed in Mecca condemning those who cheat in trade (al-mutaffifin — those who give less). The surah warns the merchants of Makkah who would take full measure when buying but give less when selling. The righteous are described as those who witness the recording of their deeds in the exalted assembly ('illiyin). Revealed in the Meccan period when the people of Madinah (before the Hijrah) were known for cheating in weights and measures.]

[H]Worship false deities (Quran 25:3; Muslim 43) [bg:Revealed in Mecca refuting the Quraysh's objections: why wasn't the Quran revealed all at once? why wasn't an angel sent with Muhammad? The surah, named al-Furqan (the Criterion), emphasizes the Quran as the standard distinguishing truth from falsehood. The final section describes the true servants of the Most Merciful ('Ibad al-Rahman). Revealed in Mecca condemning those who take gods besides Allah who cannot create anything but are themselves created, and who have no power over harm or benefit for themselves.]

[h]Argue about Allah's verses without authority (Quran 40:35; Bukhari 4488) [bg:Revealed in Mecca recounting the story of Musa and Pharaoh in detail, with the intercession of the believing man from Pharaoh's family (a secret believer). The surah consoles the Prophet by showing that even within Pharaoh's court a believer existed. Those who argue against Allah's verses without authority are condemned. Revealed in Mecca condemning those who argue against Allah's verses without any authority — 'greatly hateful to Allah and to those who believe.' This refers to the Quraysh leaders who debated the Prophet without knowledge or evidence.]

[h]Avoid much suspicion; some suspicion is sin — Spy, backbite, or suspect without cause (Quran 49:12; Muslim 2564) [bg:Revealed in Medina (9 AH) establishing the etiquettes of social interaction: addressing the Prophet with respect, verifying news, making peace between believers, avoiding mockery and backbiting. Also called al-Hujurat (the Rooms) after the rooms of the Prophet's wives. The surah was revealed after the delegation of Banu Tamim called the Prophet from outside his rooms. Revealed in Medina around 9 AH concerning the prohibition of suspicion, spying, and backbiting. The ayah was revealed after Salman al-Farsi and Bilal al-Habashi were eating, and some people made remarks about their eating habits. It prohibits negative assumptions (zann), spying (tajassus), and backbiting (ghibah), comparing backbiting to eating the flesh of one's dead brother.]

[h]Be among those who deny and turn away (Quran 84:21-22) [bg:Revealed in Mecca describing the splitting of the sky (inshiqaq) when the earth is stretched out and gives forth what is within it. The surah warns that humans will meet their Lord and receive their record in their right hand (if righteous) or behind their back (if wicked). Those who disbelieve and turn away are threatened with punishment. Revealed in Mecca condemning the Quraysh: 'And when the Quran is recited to them, they do not prostrate. But those who disbelieve deny.' This was revealed when the Quraysh heard the Quran but refused to prostrate (sajdah) out of arrogance.]

[h]Be hasty in seeking punishment for disbelievers (Quran 10:46; Bukhari 7288) [bg:Revealed in Mecca addressing the Quraysh's denial of revelation and resurrection. The opening verses declare the Quran as the Book of Wisdom, challenging the Quraysh's claim that Muhammad invented it. The story of Nuh (Noah) and Musa (Moses) are presented as parallels to the Prophet's mission. Revealed in Mecca when the Quraysh repeatedly demanded: 'Hasten the punishment you warn us of.' The ayah commands: 'And whether We show you some of what We promise them or We take you (before that) — to Us is their return.' This establishes that being hasty in seeking punishment for disbelievers contradicts the prophetic character of patience and trust in Allah's perfect timing.]

[h]Blow on hot food to cool it.

[h]Criticize food — leave it if you don't like it. (Bukhari 6134)

[h]Descend to the lowest of low through disbelief (Quran 95:5) [bg:Revealed in Mecca swearing by the fig and olive (Jerusalem), Mount Sinai, and the secure city (Makkah) — three sacred locations. Humans are created in the best of stature (ahsan taqwim) but descend to the lowest of low through disbelief. Only faith and righteous deeds preserve human nobility. The surah ends affirming Allah as the Just Judge. Revealed in Mecca: 'Then We return him to the lowest of the low (asfala safilin).' This was revealed after declaring that humans were created in the best of stature.]

[h]Eat or drink with left hand.

[h]Eat while standing or walking without need. (Muslim 2024)

[h]I did not create jinn and humans except to worship Me — Be overly preoccupied with worldly provision (Quran 51:56-58; Bukhari 6404) [bg:Revealed in Mecca swearing by the winds that scatter and the clouds that bear rain, asserting the truth of the resurrection and judgment. The surah recounts the stories of Ibrahim, Lut, Musa, 'Ad, Thamud, and Nuh's people as warnings to the Quraysh. The purpose of creation is declared: 'I created jinn and mankind only to worship Me.' Revealed in Mecca declaring: 'I did not create jinn and mankind except to worship Me. I do not want from them any provision, nor do I want them to feed Me. Indeed Allah is the Provider — the Possessor of Strength — the Firm.' This was revealed when the Quraysh accused the Prophet of seeking wealth or status.]

[h]O man, what has deceived you about your Generous Lord? — Be deluded by Allah's forbearance (Quran 82:6-8) [bg:Revealed in Mecca describing the cosmic upheaval when the sky breaks apart, the stars scatter, the seas burst forth, and the graves are overturned. Every soul will know what it has sent ahead and left behind. The surah reminds humans that noble angels are recording their deeds and that the Day of Judgment is inevitable. Revealed in the Meccan period asking: 'O man, what has deceived you about your Lord, the Most Generous, who created you, proportioned you, and balanced you, in whatever form He willed?' This was revealed when some Quraysh rejected Allah and His blessings despite being created in the best form.]

[h]O people, the promise of Allah is true — Be deceived by worldly life (Quran 35:5; Bukhari 6416) [bg:Revealed in Mecca calling attention to the creation of the heavens and earth and the diversity of creation. Named al-Fatir (the Originator) or al-Mala'ikah (the Angels). The surah warns that no intercession avails except by Allah's permission and that true nearness to Allah comes through faith and righteous deeds. Revealed in the Meccan period warning: 'O people, indeed the promise of Allah is truth, so let not the worldly life delude you, nor let the Deceiver (Shaytan) delude you about Allah.' The Quraysh would say that there is no resurrection and no judgment, and this ayah warns against being deceived by worldly life and Satan's promises.]

[h]Over-season or burn food to the point it becomes harmful.

[h]Say: O My servants who have transgressed, do not despair of Allah's mercy — Despair of Allah's mercy (Quran 39:53; Bukhari 6149) [bg:Revealed in Mecca commanding sincere worship (al-din al-khalis) for Allah alone. The surah opens with the revelation of the Book in truth and commands: 'Worship Allah with sincere devotion.' The Quraysh were told that their idols cannot intercede for them. The surah ends with the Trumpet Blast and the judgment of all creation. Revealed in the late Meccan period as a universal call of hope: 'Say: O My servants who have transgressed against themselves, do not despair of the mercy of Allah. Indeed, Allah forgives all sins.' This was revealed in response to the pagan Arabs' belief that their sins were too great to be forgiven if they embraced Islam, and also addressed some Muslims who feared their past sins were unforgivable.]

[h]Those who deny Our signs are the companions of the left — upon them is fire — Be among those who deny the truth (Quran 90:19-20) [bg:Revealed in Mecca swearing by the city of Makkah (al-balad) — 'And you, O Prophet, are free of restriction in this city. The surah declares that humans were created in toil and struggle, and describes the challenging path of righteousness (al-'aqabah): freeing slaves, feeding the poor, faith, patience, and mercy. Revealed in the early Meccan period warning that those who deny Allah's signs and reject faith are the companions of the left — upon them is Fire, closed in (covering them).]

[h]Turn away from Quran when recited (Quran 41:4; Bukhari 5031) [bg:Revealed in Mecca addressing the Quraysh who turned away when the Quran was recited. The surah opens with the Quran as a clear revelation from the Most Merciful and challenges the disbelievers to reflect on Allah's creation — the heavens, earth, mountains, and the consequences for those who reject guidance. Revealed in Mecca describing the Quran as 'a bearer of good news and a warner — but most of them turn away so they do not hear.' This was revealed regarding the Quraysh leaders who, when the Quran was recited, would cover their ears and make noise to avoid hearing it.]

[h]Whoever does an atom's weight of good will see it; whoever does an atom's weight of evil will see it — Think small sins are insignificant — they are recorded (Quran 99:7-8; Bukhari 6013) [bg:Revealed in Medina (some say Meccan) describing the great earthquake when the earth will bring forth its burdens and relate its news. When this surah was revealed, the Prophet was asked about its meaning and said: 'The earth will testify against every servant — male and female — regarding what they did on its surface.']

⭐ As You Wish

What to Do ↑ What Not to Do ↑

[P]Among His signs: night, day, sun, moon. Do not prostrate to sun or moon — Study embryology and human development (Quran 41:37; Muslim 256) [bg:Revealed in Mecca addressing the Quraysh who turned away when the Quran was recited. The surah opens with the Quran as a clear revelation from the Most Merciful and challenges the disbelievers to reflect on Allah's creation — the heavens, earth, mountains, and the consequences for those who reject guidance. Revealed in the late Meccan period when some pagan Arabs would prostrate to the sun and moon as deities.]

[P]By the fig, the olive, Mount Sinai, and this secure city — Contemplate the fig, olive, and sacred sites (Quran 95:1-3) [bg:Revealed in Mecca swearing by the fig and olive (Jerusalem), Mount Sinai, and the secure city (Makkah) — three sacred locations. Humans are created in the best of stature (ahsan taqwim) but descend to the lowest of low through disbelief. Only faith and righteous deeds preserve human nobility. The surah ends affirming Allah as the Just Judge. Revealed in the early Meccan period with an oath by the fig, the olive, Mount Sinai, and this secure land (Makkah). These four sacred symbols represent the lineages of the great prophets: the fig and olive (Jerusalem/the land of Jesus), Mount Sinai (Moses), and Makkah (Muhammad), establishing the continuity of divine revelation across time.]

[P]Contemplate rizq (provision) and economic sustainability (Quran 51:22-23; Bukhari 4657) [bg:Revealed in Mecca swearing by the winds that scatter and the clouds that bear rain, asserting the truth of the resurrection and judgment. The surah recounts the stories of Ibrahim, Lut, Musa, 'Ad, Thamud, and Nuh's people as warnings to the Quraysh. The purpose of creation is declared: 'I created jinn and mankind only to worship Me.' Revealed in Mecca declaring: 'And in the heaven is your provision (rizq) and what you are promised. Then by the Lord of the heaven and earth, indeed it is truth — just as you speak.' This was revealed when the Quraysh worried about provision and refused to embrace Islam fearing economic loss.]

[P]Contemplate the creation of earth, mountains, and day/night (Quran 78:6-11) [bg:Revealed in Mecca when the Quraysh asked each other about the 'great news' (al-naba' al-'azim) — the Quran and the resurrection. The surah describes the cosmic events of the Day of Judgment and invites reflection on Allah's creation: the earth as a resting place, mountains as stakes, sleep as rest, and night as a covering.]

[P]Do they not look at the camels — how they were created? — Observe the creation of camels, sky, mountains, earth (Quran 88:17-20) [bg:Revealed in Mecca describing the overwhelming event (al-ghashiyah) of the Day of Judgment — faces humbled and faces joyful. The surah calls the Quraysh to reflect on the creation of the camel, the sky, the mountains, and the earth. The Prophet is commanded to remind, for he is not a controller over them. Revealed in the Meccan period commanding reflection: 'Do they not look at the camels — how they are created? And at the sky — how it is raised? And at the mountains — how they are erected? And at the earth — how it is spread out?' The Quraysh denied the Creator's power, and the ayah directs them to contemplate obvious signs.]

[P]Do they not reflect on the Quran, or are hearts locked? — Reflect on Quran deeply to strengthen faith (Quran 47:24; Bukhari 5052) [bg:Revealed in Medina after the Battle of Badr (2 AH) concerning the conduct of war and the treatment of captives. Named Muhammad after the Prophet himself. The surah distinguishes between those who believe and fight in Allah's way and those who turn back, and promises Paradise to those who strive in Allah's cause. Revealed in Medina around 1-2 AH questioning: 'Do they not reflect on the Quran, or are there locks upon their hearts?' This was revealed concerning the hypocrites (munafiqun) in Medina who heard the Quran but remained unmoved by its message because of their sealed hearts.]

[P]Engage in agriculture and plant cultivation (Quran 13:3-4; Bukhari 2320) [bg:Revealed in Medina (some ayahs Meccan) addressing the Believers and calling the People of the Book to recognize the truth. Establishes Allah's power through natural signs and contrasts the Believers with the rejecters. The command to fulfill covenants and maintain family ties was revealed regarding the Ansar who made treaties with the Jewish tribes. Revealed in Mecca calling attention to the signs of Allah in agriculture — the earth spread out, mountains as stabilizers, rivers, and pairs of fruits. The ayah mentions gardens of grapes and date palms — the staple crops of Arabia.]

[P]Enjoy the blessings of the sea lawfully (Quran 43:12-13; Bukhari 512) [bg:Revealed in Mecca (some ayahs Medinan) affirming that Allah is the Lord of the heavens and earth and that no partner belongs to Him. The surah refutes the Quraysh's claim that angels are Allah's daughters and calls them to recognize Allah's blessings in creation — the ships, cattle, and the water cycle. Revealed in Mecca declaring: 'And He who created all pairs (azwaj) and made for you ships and animals upon which you ride — that you may settle yourselves upon their backs and remember the favor of your Lord when you have settled upon them and say: Exalted is He who has subjected this to us, and we could not have compelled it (by ourselves).' The mention of ships specifically includes lawful enjoyment of the sea — fishing, trade, and travel — as blessings from Allah.]

[P]Follow desires without knowledge (Quran 30:29; Bukhari 6462) [bg:Revealed in Mecca prophesying the victory of the Byzantines (Romans) over the Persians within a few years — a prophecy fulfilled at the Battle of Issus (622 CE). The surah calls to reflect on Allah's signs in creation and warns that the disbelievers will be raised from their graves on the Day of Judgment. Revealed in Mecca condemning those who follow their own desires without knowledge: 'But those who wrong follow their desires without knowledge.' This was revealed regarding the Quraysh leaders who rejected the Quran not because they had evidence against it but because it threatened their social status and tribal customs.]

[P]Frown or turn away from those seeking knowledge (Quran 80:1-4) [bg:Revealed in Mecca after a severe divine reprimand. When the blind companion Abdullah ibn Umm Maktum came to the Prophet seeking knowledge while the Prophet was engaged with Quraysh leaders, the Prophet frowned and turned away. This surah was revealed censuring the Prophet, establishing that no sincere seeker of knowledge should be turned away regardless of status. Revealed in Mecca when a blind companion, 'Abdullah ibn Umm Maktum, came to the Prophet seeking knowledge while the Prophet was engaged in a conversation with Quraysh leaders (Utbah ibn Rabi'ah, Abu Jahl, and others) whom he was trying to invite to Islam. The Prophet frowned and turned away from Ibn Umm Maktum. This ayah was a severe divine reprimand: 'He frowned and turned away because the blind man came to him.' The Prophet never repeated this mistake, and thereafter honored Ibn Umm Maktum greatly, making him a caller to Islam and a governor of Medina.]

[P]Let man consider from what he was created — Reflect on human creation from a fluid (Quran 86:5-7) [bg:Revealed in Mecca swearing by the sky and the night-comer (at-tariq) — the piercing star. The surah reminds every soul that it has a guardian (hafiz) over it. Humans are asked to reflect on their creation from a gushing fluid and are told that Allah is able to resurrect them on the Day when secrets are disclosed.]

[P]Let man look at his food — Reflect on food production and agriculture (Quran 80:24-32) [bg:Revealed in Mecca after a severe divine reprimand. When the blind companion Abdullah ibn Umm Maktum came to the Prophet seeking knowledge while the Prophet was engaged with Quraysh leaders, the Prophet frowned and turned away. This surah was revealed censuring the Prophet, establishing that no sincere seeker of knowledge should be turned away regardless of status. Revealed in the early Meccan period commanding reflection on food: 'Let mankind look at his food — how We poured down water in abundance, then split the earth in fissures and caused grain, grapes, and olives to grow from it.' This was revealed as a call to contemplate Allah's provision through natural processes, countering the Quraysh's ingratitude.]

[P]Listen to both sides and follow the best (Quran 39:17-18; Bukhari 6476) [bg:Revealed in Mecca commanding sincere worship (al-din al-khalis) for Allah alone. The surah opens with the revelation of the Book in truth and commands: 'Worship Allah with sincere devotion.' The Quraysh were told that their idols cannot intercede for them. The surah ends with the Trumpet Blast and the judgment of all creation. Revealed in Mecca describing: 'Those who avoid the worship of false gods (taghut) and turn to Allah — for them are glad tidings. So give glad tidings to My servants who listen to speech and follow the best of it.' This was revealed concerning Zayd ibn 'Amr ibn Nufayl and others who rejected idolatry before Islam, and more broadly for those who critically evaluate different ideas and choose the best.]

[P]O man, what has deceived you about your Generous Lord? — Reflect on human creation — the perfect proportion (Quran 82:6-8) [bg:Revealed in Mecca describing the cosmic upheaval when the sky breaks apart, the stars scatter, the seas burst forth, and the graves are overturned. Every soul will know what it has sent ahead and left behind. The surah reminds humans that noble angels are recording their deeds and that the Day of Judgment is inevitable. Revealed in the Meccan period asking: 'O man, what has deceived you about your Lord, the Most Generous, who created you, proportioned you, and balanced you, in whatever form He willed?' This was revealed when some Quraysh rejected Allah and His blessings despite being created in the best form.]

[P]Observe atmospheric and astronomical phenomena (Quran 84:16-19) [bg:Revealed in Mecca describing the splitting of the sky (inshiqaq) when the earth is stretched out and gives forth what is within it. The surah warns that humans will meet their Lord and receive their record in their right hand (if righteous) or behind their back (if wicked). Those who disbelieve and turn away are threatened with punishment. Revealed in Mecca swearing by the twilight (shafaq), the night, and the moon when it is full: 'You will surely travel from plane to plane (tabaqan 'an tabaq).' This ayah describes atmospheric phenomena — the colors of twilight, phases of the moon, and the layered structure of the atmosphere.]

[P]Observe phases of moon for calendar and science (Quran 36:39-40; Bukhari 4561) [bg:Revealed in Mecca and called the 'Heart of the Quran' (qalb al-Quran) by the Prophet. The surah presents three parables: the Companions of the City (Antioch), the believer from the outskirts, and the signs of Allah in creation. Revealed to establish the truth of prophethood, resurrection, and divine power. Revealed in Mecca describing: 'And the moon — We have determined for it phases (manazil) until it becomes like an old palm branch. It is not for the sun to overtake the moon, nor does the night outstrip the day.]

[P]Reflect on alternation of night and day (Quran 45:4-5; Bukhari 4561) [bg:Revealed in Mecca (some ayahs Medinan) calling the Quraysh to reflect on Allah's signs in the heavens and earth and warn them of the fate of those who mock revelation. The surah declares that the heavens and earth are signs for the Believers and that every nation will be called to its book on the Day of Judgment. Revealed in Mecca calling attention to: 'And in the creation of you (human diversity) and what He disperses of moving creatures are signs for people who are certain. And the alternation of night and day and what Allah sends down from the sky of provision (rain) — giving life to the earth after its lifelessness — are signs for a people who reason.' This establishes that reflecting on the alternation of night and day, human diversity, and seasonal cycles deepens faith in the Creator.]

[P]Reflect on creation of heavens and earth (Quran 10:101) [bg:Revealed in Mecca addressing the Quraysh's denial of revelation and resurrection. The opening verses declare the Quran as the Book of Wisdom, challenging the Quraysh's claim that Muhammad invented it. The story of Nuh (Noah) and Musa (Moses) are presented as parallels to the Prophet's mission. Revealed in Mecca (late Meccan period) commanding the Prophet and the Believers to tell the disbelievers: 'Look at what is in the heavens and the earth.' The Quraysh demanded miracles from the Prophet, yet refused to reflect on the signs already present in creation.]

[P]Reflect on signs of Allah in nature (Quran 13:12-13; Bukhari 846) [bg:Revealed in Medina (some ayahs Meccan) addressing the Believers and calling the People of the Book to recognize the truth. Establishes Allah's power through natural signs and contrasts the Believers with the rejecters. The command to fulfill covenants and maintain family ties was revealed regarding the Ansar who made treaties with the Jewish tribes. Revealed in the late Meccan period calling attention to Allah's signs in the lightning that inspires fear and hope, and the heavy clouds.]

[P]Reflect on winds and weather patterns scientifically (Quran 77:1-3) [bg:Revealed in Mecca swearing by the winds that are sent forth (al-mursalat) in succession. The surah warns the Quraysh of the Day of Decision (Yawm al-Fasl) when the truth will be separated from falsehood. The recurring refrain 'Woe that Day to the deniers' drives home the fate of those who reject the messengers. Revealed in Mecca swearing by: 'Those (winds) sent forth in succession (al-mursalat 'urfan) and those that blow violently ('asifat) and those that spread (nashirat) widely.' The surah opens with oaths by the winds, describing their different functions.]

[P]Say: I seek refuge in the Lord of mankind, King of mankind, God of mankind — Be aware of psychological and spiritual wellness (Quran 114:1-6) [bg:Revealed in Mecca (some say Medinan) completing the protection pair with al-Falaq. The surah commands seeking refuge in the Lord of mankind, the King of mankind, the God of mankind from the whisperer (Shaytan) who whispers in the breasts of mankind — from among the jinn and mankind. The Prophet recited them every night before sleep. Revealed in the early Meccan period (or some say Medinan) commanding the Prophet to say: 'I seek refuge in the Lord of mankind, the King of mankind, the God of mankind, from the evil of the retreating whisperer (Shaytan) who whispers in the breasts of mankind, from among the jinn and mankind.' This surah completes the protection pair with al-Falaq, and teaches seeking Allah's protection from Satanic whispers that affect the hearts of people.]

[P]Study astronomy — stars and celestial motion (Quran 79:1-5) [bg:Revealed in Mecca swearing by the angels who extract souls (al-nazi'at). The surah describes the Day of Judgment when the hearts will tremble and asks: 'Are you harder to create or the heaven?' The story of Musa and Pharaoh is recounted as a warning. Those who preferred worldly life over the Hereafter are condemned. Revealed in Mecca swearing by angels who extract souls (nazi'at) and angels who soar (sabihaat) and angels who direct affairs (sabiqaat). The surah uses astronomical imagery to describe the Day of Judgment.]

[P]Study geology and earth formation (Quran 45:3) [bg:Revealed in Mecca (some ayahs Medinan) calling the Quraysh to reflect on Allah's signs in the heavens and earth and warn them of the fate of those who mock revelation. The surah declares that the heavens and earth are signs for the Believers and that every nation will be called to its book on the Day of Judgment. Revealed in Mecca: 'Indeed within the heavens and the earth are signs for the believers.' The surah opens by calling attention to the creation of the heavens and earth as clear evidence of Allah's power and wisdom.]

[P]Study geology — mountains as stabilizing pegs (Quran 78:6-7) [bg:Revealed in Mecca when the Quraysh asked each other about the 'great news' (al-naba' al-'azim) — the Quran and the resurrection. The surah describes the cosmic events of the Day of Judgment and invites reflection on Allah's creation: the earth as a resting place, mountains as stakes, sleep as rest, and night as a covering. Revealed in Mecca: 'Have We not made the earth a resting place (mihad) and the mountains as pegs (awtad)?' The ayah describes mountains as stabilizing pegs that prevent the earth from shaking — a description consistent with modern plate tectonics (mountains have deep roots extending into the mantle).]

[P]Study natural phenomena — colors, fruits, mountains (Quran 35:27-28) [bg:Revealed in Mecca calling attention to the creation of the heavens and earth and the diversity of creation. Named al-Fatir (the Originator) or al-Mala'ikah (the Angels). The surah warns that no intercession avails except by Allah's permission and that true nearness to Allah comes through faith and righteous deeds. Revealed in Mecca calling attention to diversity in creation: 'Do you not see that Allah sends down rain from the sky and We produce thereby fruits of varying colors? And among the mountains are streaks of white and red of varying colors and intensely black.]

[P]Study oceanography — two seas meeting is a sign (Quran 55:19-22; Bukhari 4561) [bg:Revealed in Mecca (some say Medinan) recounting Allah's countless blessings to both mankind and jinn. The rhetorical refrain 'Which of the favors of your Lord do you deny?' (31 times) challenges all creation to acknowledge divine grace. The surah describes the creation of humans from clay and jinn from smokeless fire, Paradise and Hell. Revealed in Mecca declaring: 'He released the two seas (al-bahrayn) meeting (yaltiqiyan), between them a barrier (barzakh) they do not transgress. So which of the favors of your Lord do you deny? From both of them emerge pearls and coral.' This describes oceanographic phenomena — the meeting of salt and fresh water with a barrier between them.]

[P]Study piercing stars (At-Tariq) and pulsars (Quran 86:1-3) [bg:Revealed in Mecca swearing by the sky and the night-comer (at-tariq) — the piercing star. The surah reminds every soul that it has a guardian (hafiz) over it. Humans are asked to reflect on their creation from a gushing fluid and are told that Allah is able to resurrect them on the Day when secrets are disclosed. Revealed in Mecca: 'By the sky and the night-comer (at-tariq). And what can make you know what the night-comer is? It is the piercing star (al-najm al-thaqib).' The description of a 'piercing star' has been interpreted by some scholars as referring to pulsars or neutron stars that emit regular pulses.]

[P]Study water cycle and environmental science (Quran 30:48; Bukhari 846) [bg:Revealed in Mecca prophesying the victory of the Byzantines (Romans) over the Persians within a few years — a prophecy fulfilled at the Battle of Issus (622 CE). The surah calls to reflect on Allah's signs in creation and warns that the disbelievers will be raised from their graves on the Day of Judgment. Revealed in Mecca describing: 'It is Allah who sends the winds, and they stir the clouds, and He spreads them in the sky however He wills, and He makes them fragments, and you see the rain emerge from within them.' This detailed description of the water cycle — evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and distribution — reveals divine knowledge of natural processes. Contemplating the water cycle and environmental science as signs of Allah's providence.]

[P]Study zoology — camels are marvels of adaptation (Quran 88:17) [bg:Revealed in Mecca describing the overwhelming event (al-ghashiyah) of the Day of Judgment — faces humbled and faces joyful. The surah calls the Quraysh to reflect on the creation of the camel, the sky, the mountains, and the earth. The Prophet is commanded to remind, for he is not a controller over them. Revealed in Mecca calling the Quraysh to reflect: 'Then do they not look at the camel — how it is created?' The camel was the primary mode of transport in ancient Arabia, uniquely adapted to desert survival — able to go weeks without water, store fat in its hump, and withstand extreme heat.]

[P]Treat all seekers of knowledge with respect (Quran 80:5-6) [bg:Revealed in Mecca after a severe divine reprimand. When the blind companion Abdullah ibn Umm Maktum came to the Prophet seeking knowledge while the Prophet was engaged with Quraysh leaders, the Prophet frowned and turned away. This surah was revealed censuring the Prophet, establishing that no sincere seeker of knowledge should be turned away regardless of status. Revealed in Mecca continuing the reprimand : 'But as for he who thinks himself self-sufficient, to him you give attention.]

[P]Understand that the earth will testify (Quran 99:4-5) [bg:Revealed in Medina (some say Meccan) describing the great earthquake when the earth will bring forth its burdens and relate its news. When this surah was revealed, the Prophet was asked about its meaning and said: 'The earth will testify against every servant — male and female — regarding what they did on its surface.' Revealed in Medina (some say Meccan) describing the Day of Judgment when the earth will report its news (akhbaraha) — on the day when people go out to be shown their deeds.]

[P]Use lawful good things of life in moderation (Quran 7:32; Muslim 1315) [bg:Revealed in Mecca calling the Quraysh to follow the revelation and warning them of destruction like previous nations ('Ad, Thamud, Lut). The story of Musa and Pharaoh is the central narrative, revealed to strengthen the Prophet's heart. The ayah 'Take what is given freely and enjoin what is good' (7:199) is a Meccan command of noble character. Revealed in Mecca responding to the pagan Quraysh who forbade certain foods and clothing as religious practices without revelation — they claimed certain camels (Bahirah, Sa'ibah) were sacred and forbade eating from them.]

[P]We created man in the best of forms — Reflect on the noble creation of humans (Quran 95:4-6) [bg:Revealed in Mecca swearing by the fig and olive (Jerusalem), Mount Sinai, and the secure city (Makkah) — three sacred locations. Humans are created in the best of stature (ahsan taqwim) but descend to the lowest of low through disbelief. Only faith and righteous deeds preserve human nobility. The surah ends affirming Allah as the Just Judge. Revealed in Mecca swearing by the fig and olive, Mount Sinai, and the secure city (Makkah): 'Indeed We created the human being in the best of stature (ahsan taqwim).]

[P]What are they asking about? About the Great News — Reflect on the great news (An-Naba' al-'Azim) (Quran 78:1-3) [bg:Revealed in Mecca when the Quraysh asked each other about the 'great news' (al-naba' al-'azim) — the Quran and the resurrection. The surah describes the cosmic events of the Day of Judgment and invites reflection on Allah's creation: the earth as a resting place, mountains as stakes, sleep as rest, and night as a covering. Revealed in the early Meccan period when the Quraysh were disputing among themselves about the great news (al-naba' al-'azim) — the Quran and the resurrection. Some said it was magic, some poetry, some legends. The ayah asks: 'About what are they disputing?' establishing the Quran as the monumental news they could not agree upon.]

[P]What is wrong with you that you do not expect grandeur from Allah when He created you in stages? — Build ships and master maritime technology (Quran 71:13-14) [bg:Revealed in Mecca recounting the story of Prophet Nuh (Noah) who called his people for 950 years. The surah consoles the Prophet who faced rejection from the Quraysh, showing that even Nuh — despite his long mission — had only a few believers. Nuh's supplication against the disbelievers and for the Believers is presented as a model.]

[P]You see no inconsistency in the creation of the Most Merciful — Reflect on perfection of Allah's creation — no flaw (Quran 67:3-4) [bg:Revealed in Mecca describing Allah's absolute sovereignty over the universe (al-Mulk — the Dominion). The surah challenges the disbelievers to find any flaw in Allah's creation and warns them of the punishment of Hell. The Prophet never slept before reciting this surah and al-Sajdah. It intercedes for its reciter against the punishment of the grave. Revealed in the Meccan period commanding reflection on the perfection of Allah's creation: 'Look again and again — can you see any flaw? Your sight will return to you humbled and weary.' The Quraysh claimed that creation was chaotic or purposeless, but the ayah invites repeated observation to recognize the perfect order and balance in the universe.]

— Any halal cuisine is permissible.

— Vegetarian/vegan is permissible as long as you don't consider meat haram.

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